The Walt Disney Company ( Dis ) - 1243 Words

The Walt Disney Company (DIS) About the Walt Disney Company. Together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, is a leading diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise with five business segments: media networks, parks and resorts, studio entertainment, consumer products and interactive media. With an average of $43 billion dollars in annual sales, Walt Disney offers investors the benefits of a blue-chip company by being capable of a market-beating growth with estimated earnings well above the overall market growth rate. 2015 Economic outlook for The Walt Disney Company. In 2015, it expected that the overall economic outlook is positive, with only Consumer Price Index and Industrial Production being negative for the†¦show more content†¦This gauges the overall health of the economy and suggests that an expansion in economic activity should continue but pace of growth may moderate later. 2015 Industry outlook for The Walt Disney Company. Their leading business segment is from their media networks, which currently generates 52% of the company’s profits. Although competition from streaming services are increasing our revenues from media networks and broadcast television continued to increase in 2014 and are expected to do the same in 2015. The parks and resorts segment brings in our second leading amount of profits which predominately come from ticket sales, food and beverage sales as well as hotel rooms. With gas prices declining and personal income increasing we expect to see an increase in ticket sales as people are more able to go on vacation. As for the studio entertainment segment Time Warner Inc. leads in that industry with Twenty First Century Fox making a big jump in 2014. When it comes to the boom-or-bust movie business we can assume that Disney and other competitors are set to aim for a more profitable and less risky future by focusing on films with a proven track record (Star Wars VII, Frozen 2 and Magic Mike XXL). With our last two segments, consumer products and interactive media, we have decent amount of sales but are not nearly the top company in those industries. With consumer products our industry includes competitorsShow MoreRelatedIncorporated In 1938, Walt Disney Has Been A Well-Known1181 Words   |  5 PagesIncorporated in 1938, Walt Disney has been a well-known name in the entertainment business. According to Global Financial Data, Disney first started offering stock to the public in 1940 with a cumulative convertible preferred and then in 1946 it offered â€Å"OTC† (over the counter) common. On November 12, 1957, the NYSE added Disney to its list. So how is the financial condition of Walt Disney today? In the next few sections, I will take a closer look at the financial records of the company including the balanceRead MoreDisney s Target Audience And Its Effects On Young Adults And Adults1411 Words   |  6 PagesSocioeconomic Audience. It may appear that Disney’s target audience is primarily children, but with its vast assets Disney’s products reach the full spectrum of audiences from preschoolers to adults. Disney products include television programs, books, magazines, musical recordings and movies (David, 2013). Disney Channels Worldwide is comprised of 94 kid and family entertainment channels available in 169 countries (David, 2013) ABC Family is a mixture of TV series and movies targeted towards young adultsRead MoreWalt Disney Co Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesWalt Disney is a worldwide entertainment company. 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The primary financial objectives of the company are to maximize profits and cash flow, and allocate capital to initiatives the development of long-term shareholder value.† Organizational Structure Disney operates using a strategic business organizational structure ofRead MoreEssay about Walt Disney Financial Analyis4488 Words   |  18 Pages The Walt Disney Company (DIS) has a long and prestigious history in the entertainment business covering a period of greater than 75 years. The DIS objective is to be the world leader in production of entertainment using their diversified portfolio to differentiate its brands including Walt Disney Parks, ESPN, PIXAR, MARVEL, and ABC. The financial goals are to maximize cash flow, maximize earnings, and capital profits that will drive longer-term shareholder value (The Walt Disney Company, 2012)Read MoreThe Walt Disney Company Essay2102 Words   |  9 PagesThe Walt Disney Company FIN534: Financial Analysis Heather Kain Strayer University Dr. John Karaffa November 30, 2011 Introduction The Walt Disney Company, along with its subsidiaries, is a diversified entertainment company. Its animation studio, parks, resorts, consumer products and media networks has allowed the Walt Disney Company to remain a staple in the entertainment industry along with its impeccable ability to market to children and adults. Through analysis of the company overviewRead MoreEthics and Compliance for Disney1555 Words   |  7 PagesRatios and Ethics of Disney Finance for Business August 30, 2010 Financial Ratios and Ethics of Disney The Walt Disney Company is known far and wide as a major source of entertainment and the embodiment of family values. Throughout the years, Walt Disney studios have supplied millions with wholesome, child oriented entertainment with iconic characters such as Mickey Mouse, Snow White, and of course Alice in Wonderland. From humble beginnings, the Disney Company grew with leaps andRead MoreWalt Disney Company1730 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Company is a diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise business. They have five business segments which are media network, parks and resorts, studio entertainment, consumer products and interactive media. Disney Media Network consists of broadcast, cable, radio, publishing and digital businesses within the Disney/ABC Television Group and ESPN, Inc. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts is comprised of family oriented parks and resorts all around the world. TheyRead MoreCase Study Disney1005 Words   |  5 Pages02/11/08 Agenda ââ€" º About Disney ââ€" º Divisions of Disney ââ€" º A bit of History ââ€" º About the CASE ââ€" º SWOT Analysis ââ€" º Its Current Executive Management ââ€" º Recommended Organizational structures ï‚ § Model 1 ï‚ § Model 2 ï‚ § Model 3 02/11/08 About Disney ââ€" º ââ€" º ââ€" º ââ€" º The Walt Disney Company (most commonly known as Disney) (NYSE: DIS) is one of the largest media and entertainment corporations in the world. 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Analysis Of Gulliver s Travels - 1933 Words

Cameron Aiello Professor Lund Final Paper 14 May 2017 Throughout all of Jonathan Swift’s writings there are many commonalities. One in particular that stands out is the use of satire throughout both â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels†, which tells the story of a series of voyages of Lemuel Gulliver’s published in 1726, and â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, where Swift uses the idea of cannibalism to captivate his audience as well as focus on society’s problems. Throughout Swift’s life, politics and religion had a huge impact on him and more importantly, his writing. Many of the satires that Swift uses in his works have to do with politics and the changing ways of the Catholic church in the 1800’s. â€Å"A Modest Proposal† written in 1729, was a satire written to†¦show more content†¦Swift is using this quotation to show that he cares about the poor and struggling people and he really wants to help them. This is also a different type of writing from Swift, who usually is always criticizing someone rather than showing empathy for them. But since Swift disagrees with the English so much, he chooses to write about it and make those with wealth and power look evil and selfish. Swift who chose not to make it known he was writing this satire, continues to bash England on page 509 by saying, â€Å"I fortunately fell upon this proposal; which, as it is wholly new, so it hath something solid and real, of no expence, and little trouble, full in our own power; and whereby we can incur no danger in disobliging England: for this kind of commodity will not bear exportation; the flesh being of too tender a consistence, to admit a long continuance in salt; although, perhaps, I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it†. Here, once again Swift shows that England has no problem with the Irish starving and not being able to survive or make money as long as the rich and powerful are facing no hardships. Also by using the words â€Å"eat up† he is going back to the idea of cannibalism, not by the poor but by the wealthy who are taking what is left of the the other nations to become more powerful and to gain moreShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels896 Words   |  4 Pagesgiven education and freedom, they will default to partaking in foolish behavior. This was a common idea in the eighteenth century as people legitimately denied women schooling based on such a concept. In the last paragraph on page 55 of Gulliver’s Travels (1726), Swift comments on the education and roles of women in Lilliputian society using specific word choice and juxtaposition of male and female schooling. With this, he asserts that, while the Lilliputians regarded women with similar gender-basedRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels Essay2077 Words   |  9 Pages Gulliver and the Grotesque The term scatological means to have an interest or preoccupation with the obscene. In his book, Gulliver’s Travels, it is hard to miss the various references that its author, Johnathan Swift, makes concerning bodily functions. Yet, this is more than the bawdy, juvenile toilet humor one would encounter in a cheeky T.V. show but has a literary purpose. Scatology is used to define the literary trope of the grotesque body. Through the realist perspective Swift employs scatologyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Gulliver s Travels 1581 Words   |  7 Pages​Quite obviously, Lemuel Gulliver is the most focused on character in Jonathan Swift’s novel Gulliver’s Travels, as he is the most characteristically developed. Gulliver is from a middle-class English family and we see all angles of his personality, his morals, and his behavior through the various situations he finds himself in and his observable conduct and the actions he choses to take in those situations. Gul liver learned a lot throughout his many journeys, and this leads him to realize more aboutRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Gulliver s Travels Essay1942 Words   |  8 Pages In his book, Gulliver’s Travels, it is hard to miss the various references that its author, Johnathan Swift, makes concerning bodily functions. Yet, this is more than the bawdy, juvenile toilet humor one would encounter in a cheeky T.V. show for it has a literary purpose. Scatology is used to define the literary trope of the grotesque body. Through the realist perspective, Swift employs scatology to both shock and attract. He uses it to draw attention to Gulliver’s humanity, and normalize the strangenessRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels By Jonathan Swift1470 Words   |  6 Pagessimilarities between humans and animals. In Part IV of Jonathan Swift’s satirical novel, Gulliver’s Travels, Swift reverses the roles of humans (represented by Yahoos) and horses (represented by Houyhnhnms). Although Swift’s novel is completely fiction and does not prove anything it shows us that there are people out there who see the characteristics shared between hu man and animals. When Gulliver comes across two Houyhnhnms they begin â€Å"neighing several times by turns and varying the sound† (SwiftRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s Gulliver s Travels 2033 Words   |  9 PagesAt a glance, the novel seems to be a travel log of Lemuel Gulliver’s adventures, but is primarily a work of satire. Through Gulliver’s Travels, Swift strives to satirize the eighteenth century humanity. Swift was titled a misanthrope, a hater of humanity, his misanthropy rose from his disappointment in mankind. Swift utilizes Gulliver in satirizing the population, which he was disappointed with, in each voyage of the novel. The satire used in Gulliver’s Travels is used to reveal how Swift regardedRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels By Jonathan Swift1365 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluential for art and literature. One of the Neoclassical Age’s most important traits is the imitation of the ancients. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift, is a story about the fictional character, Lemuel Gulliver, who embarks on multiple journeys. A series of mishaps leaves Gulliver stranded on various islands facing various challenges. Gulliver’s Travels is very similar to The Odyssey written by Homer in eighth century Greece. Both stories follow one character on his adventurous journeysRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s Gulliver s Travels1238 Words   |  5 Pagesentail. The main character in Jonathan Swift’s 1726 satire Gulliver’s Travels belongs to this category. Throughout the story it becomes increasingly apparent that Gulliver is destined to forever be an alien. The more Gulliver observes others, the more detached he is from man as his views of mankind and of himself become distorted. Despite his negative observations and changed views, he could be mankind’s wake-up call. Gulliver makes voyages to various locations where his physical differences areRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels By Jonathan Swift1774 Words   |  8 Pageseveryone has his or her own perception, one that can change and develop dependent upon everyone’s own vision. In the novel, Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift, the reader will find their perception of the themes and the characters in the book drastically different in the beginning of the story than at the end. When one first lays their hands on a copy of Gulliver’s Travels, the ideas and themes they would believe to be most obvious and important would include adventure, discovery and the developmentRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels By Jonathan Swift2004 Words   |  9 Pagesmany years, Gulliver’s Travels has been the embodiment of pure satirical genius. It has been the standard and yardstick for almost all other satirical works. Gulliver’s Travels begins with the profile of the main character, Lemuel Gulliver. Gulliver begins as a surgeon, but finds the profession ill-fitting. He eventually becomes a sea captain and explores many areas. His first major discovery at sea is the land of Lilliput, where people are twelve times smaller than Gulliver. Gulliver’s relationship

Zulu Research Paper free essay sample

if the largest social group of American people was sporting the latest trends of nudity for unmarried women? Or practiced modern Christianity, but with a Dutch twist? What if instead of the recent hit line dance the â€Å"Cha Cha Slide† was instead a traditional African Gumboot dance? These are all typical traits of South Africa’s largest group of people, the Zulu population. As a wonderful South African population, the Zulu people pride themselves over their origins, language, and religions. Today one shall discover and be able to easily identify, understand, and optimally relate to the wonderful Zulu traditions in culture, language, religion, education, social values and organization, economics, government, and globalization. The Zulu people have a rather large population with a widespread demographic. The Zulu people are the largest South African ethnic group. The Zulu Kingdom is a Kingdom in South Africa in former Zulu Bantustan. To the north, it borders Mozambique, to the east Swaziland and lawless South Africa, and to the west it is bordered by the Indian Ocean. Found south of the Zulu Kingdom is KwaXhosa, which was founded only twenty-four short years ago in 1988. Zulu Inhabitants commonly refer to the nation as Zululand, however outsiders and foreigners refer to it by the name KwaZulu. It is estimated, and conservatively so, that there are at least 10 to 11 million people living mainly in the province of KwaZulu, or, as often referred to, KwaZulu-Natal. In addition to this population, there are also small numbers of self-identifying Zulu people who reside primarily in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Mozambique. Zululand is a state with fourteen associate republics and an additional ten territories. Zululand is a multiethnic African nationalist state encompassing most of the southern third of the African continent. Formed in a series of bloody wars during the 1950s and 1960s, Zululand was created with the idea of an all-African country where various people would live together in harmony under a national government composed of representatives of those people, similar to Zanzibars model. Zanzibar is an east African semi-autonomous part of Tanzania. In this province, once a protectorate of Britain, the inhabitants are of extremely diverse ethnic origins. Yet, they all were able to create an incredible bond together in order to avoid British control and, subsequently, have successfully created their own land. This territory now has a functional government serving nearly one million people. Today they are known for their extreme fortune in spices and other agriculture. It is of no surprise that the Zulu people would wish to create something so similar to what has originated in Zanzibar. However, to its disadvantage, Zululand has suffered from tribal inharmoniousness, including conflict bordering on civil war, and has deep inequalities in wealth in different parts of the country. It could easily be justified to say that the Zulu’s size of 11 million, nearly twelve times that of Zanzibar, is far from being in the favor of peace for the Zulus. Still, the Congress of the Africans in the Zulu capital, located in the Great Harare, is regarded as one of the few places in Africa, besides Zanzibar, where various people are able to come and, without question, receive equal representation. One of the primary parts of what identifies a person is their language. The Zulu language is no exception. The Zulu language is called Zulu or, natively, isiZulu. Zulu has about nineteen thousand words and one of the most complex dialects in the world. As typical with Bantu languages, a lot of the sounds made are compromised of clicking noises. Over ninety-five percent of the language’s native speakers live in South Africa. IsiZulu is the most widely spoken home language in South Africa, by a whopping twenty four percent of the population, as well as being understood by over half of the population. IsiZulu became one of South Africas eleven official languages in 1994. In fact, IsiZulu is the second most widely spoken Bantu language after Shona. IsiZulu, like all indigenous Southern African languages, was an exclusively oral language until contact with new missionaries from Europe, who documented the language using the Latin script. Norwegian missionary Hans Schreuder published the first grammar book of the IsiZulu language in Norway in 1850. The first written document in IsiZulu was a Bible translation that appeared in 1883. Many Dutch and English words have been incorporated into the language. In IsiZulu the vowels are spoken as follows, â€Å"a† is pronounced a : as in army, i : as in pink, u : as in ruler, e : as in leg, o : as in old. The consonants can get tricky though. All these consonants are followed by a soft sounding h as in hand: p : as in plank, b : as in bush, t : as in tank, k : as in kite. These letters are pronounced the same way they are in English: v : as in vase, l : as in like, sh : as in ship, f : as in father, y : as in yield, hl : as in tenthly, m : as in map, s : as in sing, nhl : as in gently, n : as in nine, z : as in zoo. The Zulu people have unique origination leading them to their current, modern day existence. The Zulu were originally a major clan in what is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded as an army due to differing and clashing opinions over the circumcision process of young males. As always, the Zulu people place much focus on rights of passage, and the circumcision process was one that ultimately led them to stand up for their beliefs and literally become who they are today. Under apartheid, Zulu people were classified as third-class citizens and suffered from state-sanctioned discrimination. Today, the Zulu remain the most numerous ethnic group in South Africa, and now pride themselves with equal rights along with all other fellow citizens. The small kingdom of Zululand grew to dominate much of Southern Africa, and when faced with conflict with the British Empire in the 1870’s during the Anglo-Zulu War, KwaZulu was defeated despite the early Zulu victories in the war. Subsequently, the area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa. KwaZulu was originally a Bantustan in South Africa, which, under control of the apartheid government, was intended to be a semi-independent homeland for the Zulu people. A bantustan, or an African homeland, was a territory reserved for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa, which is now known as Namibia, as a portion of the policy of apartheid. Ten bantustans were established in South Africa, and an additional ten in neighboring South-West Africa, which was then under South African administration, for the purpose of concentrating the members of certain designated ethnic groups. The goal of this idea was to make each of those territories ethnically identical in order to create autonomous nation states for South Africas different black ethnic groups. Shortly after the apartheid governance collapsed, the bantustans were able to establish order within their borders. The capital, which was formerly at Nongoma, was moved to Ulundi in 1980. Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the Zulu tribe, and presiding head of the Inkatha Freedom Party, led KwaZulu in the capital until the party’s abolition in 1984. Having such an in depth and colorful history, it’s not surprising that religion is more than important to these people. Eileen Krige explains it best when she said â€Å" there is hardly an aspect in Zulu life in which religion does not play its part – in warfare, in first-fruit ceremonies, in the different crises in the life of the individual, everywhere the ancestors are looked to for help and guidance and propitiated with offerings. † Ancestral spirits are, and always have been, extremely important in Zulu religious life. The Zulu believe in vague â€Å"powers† of natural phenomena such as Unkulunkulu. Unkulunkulu, or the Old, Old One, is the creator of the first cause. Zulu believe that Unkulunkulu is responsible for the origin of the world and man. Their story of this says that Unkulunkulu broke off first from a bed of reeds, and then all other man broke off after him. Not only did man break off of the reed, but also so did everything else including cattle, corn, and all other wildlife and agriculture. The word Unkulunkulu is also used in reference to an original ancestor, a name given to the founder of a house or the first ancestor of the family. This ancestor is both worshiped and prayed to. Offerings and sacrifices are made for protection, good health, and happiness. However, the Zulu do not worship the Unkulunkulu whom they broke off from. They say that though they sprang from him, they do not worship him because he left no progeny. Instead, they choose to worship the Unkulunkulu whom they have known. However, he is often the subject of teasing at the expense of the children. If they are caught in mischief, an elder is sent to â€Å"call† for Unkulunkulu, similar to the American tradition of our parents telling Santa Claus. The Zulu also have beliefs towards the use of magic. The Zulu people believe that ancestral spirits come back to the world in the form of dreams, illnesses, and, to be more tangible, sometimes snakes. When an ancestor, or iDlozi, wishes to revisit the world it does so in the form of a snake. Anything beyond the understanding of the Zulu, such as bad luck and illness, is considered to have been sent by an angry spirit. The ancestor does not inhabit the existent body of a snake, but instead morphs into their own. These snakes are distinct and well known among the Zulu people and are not confused to with those of common origins. For instance, a chief or village head turns into a green mamba snake. When these snakes visit a community, the daughter-in-law of the deceased will wear a veil and a beast will be slaughtered to feed the spirit-snake. On the day the meat of the beast is finished, the spirit snake will leave the village. However, seen as far from a blessing, some aged women return in the form of a lizard. These lizards are known to crawl onto the roofs and ceilings of huts and fall onto the people underneath. These lizards are hateful to the Zulus because they are seen to be omens of future evil. When this happens, the help of a soothsayer or herbalist is sought. He or she will communicate with the ancestors or use natural herbs and prayers to rid the problem. Omens are considered to be especially frightening in Zulu culture. Though sometimes revealed as lizards, they are more often sent by ancestors are dreams. These messages are meant to warn of coming disasters. Other things can also be constituted as omens, however. When livestock go against a natural flow, such acts are considered omen and the animal is slaughtered and it’s meat destroyed. For instance, if a calf is to refuse feeding from its mother or if a bird catches a grasshopper. In the latter case, it is believed that whomever the bird drops the grasshopper by is to soon die. More modernly, however, many Zulu converted to Christianity under colonialism. Even with the modern influences of Christianity and the overwhelming amount of Christian converts, ancestral beliefs in the Zulu community have far from disappeared. Instead, there has become a sort of mixture of traditional beliefs and those of Christianity. This kind of religion is particularly common among urban inhabitants of Zululand. Yet, as to be expected, there are also steadfast Zulu Christians who view any tolerance of ancestral belief to be not only terribly outdated, but also sinful and irreverent. In 1901, John Dube, a Zulu from Natal, created the Ohlange Institute. This institute is the first native educational institution in South Africa. He was also the author of Insila kaShaka, the first novel written in the isiZulu language. In addition, another pioneering Zulu writer was Reginald Dhlomo. Dhlomo is the author of several historical novels of the nineteenth-century leaders of the Zulu nation. Other notable contributors to Zulu literature include Benedict Wallet Vilakazi and, more recently, Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali. Other than this, there is little to be found about Zulu education. However, it is common knowledge that illiteracy is at extremely high rates among most South Africans. However, education is slowly improving with the implementation of a new government. Before these changes had started to be made, children were only sent to school in the rare cases that their parents could afford to send them. Schooling started at seven years of age and continued until about twenty-four years of age. Since education was not essential or required, as is in our culture, students could take their time to finish matric (high school). Passing high school and graduating both was and still is regarded as a high achievement by the whole community. Upon graduation, the parents who can afford it usually send their children to college. Education and raising a child is like a cycle among the Zulu. Parents spend all they have to raise and educate their children. In turn, the children take care of their parents and their own children when they start working. A person who breaks this cycle is viewed as a community outcast, one who has forgotten about his or her roots. Though, since most are unable to afford sending their children to contemporary schools, a lot of the educating processes for children are similar to what we refer to as teaching the trade. Their community revolves around a lot of farming and agriculture, so children are taught to preform the tasks necessary to having a successful career and family. Ideologically, this is not any different from what American parents do in modern culture. In fact, it’s often shown to be more beneficial in many aspects of life. The social system of the Zulus places an extreme emphasis on kinship and family. These values infiltrate almost every part of their normal life and culture, underlying as a useful concept to understand whilst trying to grasp the concepts of Zulu life. As done in most primitive and traditional societies, the Zulu find kinship to be extremely extensive in order to bring the people together as such a tight-knit group. Doing so establishes a remarkable bond amongst the society. This type of social system provides every Zulu person with a number of acting â€Å"parents,† and an extremely large circle of brothers and sisters. However, the immediate family is still considered to be first priority. Though the men usually practice polygamy and have several wives, each one of his wives has her own hut, thus forming a family unit distinct from that of the other wives. Within the family, there are certain social norms that are practiced. For instance, if one’s father is present, they are not to speak unless directly addressed. Though still important, the mother is less respected than the father and is not always regarded with as high respect and reverence by the children. Even so, when a child is in trouble or has been fussed at by their father, they still run to their mother as a safe haven to comfort them. Often times the mother is able to go to the father and more or less reach a sort of â€Å"deal† in the child’s favor. The sibling relationship is not much different than that of which we are used to, all children are considered equal and partake in the same social roles. The only true exception here is that an elder brother always demands respect. For the most part, sibling’s behavior towards each other can be described as rather friendly, and that of a spirit of cooperation instead of conflict. This social equivalence between siblings is rather important not only in it’s ideals of kinship, but also in its application in the marriage customs of the Zulu. When a woman is pregnant, her sister is sent to take some of her responsibilities. As their equal, this causes no disruption. Likewise, when an elder brother passes away, his younger brother then inherits his wives. In Zulu tradition, none of this is odd. In addition to having a large family and classification system, the Zulu also place tremendous emphasis on something they call the sib. A sib is unilineal, including family on one side of the family exclusive to the other. The Zulu sib is patrilineal, claiming descent from a common ancestor, which is very commonly unknown. People regard the house of each man as having the same isibongo, or praise name, as himself or his own home, and it is assumed that this be the owner’s father or brother. A man only has to walk in and tell his sib name, and he will be treated as an equal part of the family and, without hesitation, will be greeted into the household. One of the greatest dishonors one could ever commit would be to drink milk with another sib. Doing so would in turn mean that you are actively pledging blood brotherhood with that sib and would prevent you from marrying within that family. In Zulu culture, little emphasis is placed on that of an outside government. The lifestyle is very simplistic, everyone pitches in to suffice and maintain their own family and mind their own business. The kraal, or head, of each family acts as the leader of that large group of people. Everyone takes respect as a number one goal, and works to maintain healthy relations within their family. Each member works diligently to provide for the entire roup, and with the emphasis on kinship, things tend to generally work well. The Zulu economy is handled strictly within the village. Chiefly these economic activities are about cattle rearing and agriculture. These exchanges are carried on extremely meticulously with a clear division of labor, which is determined by gender. Men, as a general rule, take responsibility for the more abrasive tasks that require strength and handy abilities. Women, on the other hand, naturally pick up household work. They cook, make beer, sweep, wash dishes, and fetch after the firewood and water. Their daughters help them with these tasks starting at a young age. As young children, they are responsible for fetching the wood and water, and as they mature their tasks evolve into looking over their baby brothers and sisters. Agriculture is often taken care of by a special group of women. They hoe the ground, sow, weed, and reap the crops, and then manually grind the corn and grain to be used in cooking. Women also make the pots, mats, and ropes. Very different to American culture, women carry the entire load of luggage on trips. The men walk in front empty handed but are willing to defend the tribe if needed. And, women are always responsible for the thatching of huts. Taking on a more leisurely activity, women take to bead and jewelry making along with basket weaving. With cattle being the most valuable economic asset to Zululand, all work to be done with cattle is handled by the men. Men, or boys, both herd and milk the cattle. They even wash the milking utensils themselves, because women are to have absolutely nothing to do with operations concerning the care for cattle. The only role men play in agriculture is hewing bushes where new lands are to be cultivated, or assisting in the reaping during busy seasons. Hut building, with the exception of the thatch work, is a man’s duty as well. Men, who partake in basket weaving, often make wooden utensils as well. Sometimes they are able to specialize in metal work. Metal work, again, is a trade exclusive to the male gender. Men do most market trading, and for leisure they pass time drinking beer and socializing. Globalization seems to have all to do, and little to do, with Zulu culture. For the most part, Zulu traditions have remained unchanged. Though some religious beliefs have been altered, no one was able to successfully renovate the culture. Globalization allowed the Zulu people a chance to take the one thing that had remained most important to them: their freedom. Since these circumstances ultimately allowed this, after some hardship, it is believed that globalization did not change their culture negatively, and instead, make have ultimately helped them. Now, the Zulu people are able to tend to their large families without discrimination and cooperate peacefully. Globalization did affect them in two main aspects, however. Globalization altered both their educational system and their religion. With globalization underway, the Zulu culture was exposed to Christianity. Most modern generation Zulu people state their religion to be Christianity, but it is far from what we believe here in America. As previously noted, Zulu Christianity has given way to a sort of melting pot for the two systems, creating a sort of mixed religion incorporating both our beliefs in God and heaven with theirs of ancestral spirits and unexplained natural phenomena. Globalization also altered traditional Zulu educational systems. Prior to the influence of colonialism, it was rare, if ever, to send a child to matric. But, with breakthroughs thanks to notable Zulu people and schools like John Dube and the Ohlange Institute, sending a child through high school and college is pricey, but not impossible. The Zulu people are more than justified in priding themselves on using globalization to their benefit, and not allowing it to diminish their traditions and native culture. In fact, the Zulu people seem to have flourished and grown as a society using globalization to their advantage. In conclusion, the Zulu people exude rich cultural beliefs and practices, all centering around their language, religion, education, social structure, and the lasting effects of globalization. Much of what is important to a Zulu person is their family and religion. It is primarily through these two things the Zulu are able to successfully retain important traditions, values, and skills, such as basket weaving and cattle raising, that seem to be minimally compromised throughout the years as the have been passed down generationally. As the largest South African group, all of the eleven million Zulu people are able to currently pride themselves with equal rights and privileges among their fellow citizens, a belief that led them to fight many bloody battles amongst themselves and their neighboring provinces to establish their strong modern day presence.

The Challenges Facing Designers of Large Variable Speed Drives Essay Example

The Challenges Facing Designers of Large Variable Speed Drives Essay To process the ore mining operations have adapted large grinding mill drives in the megawatt power range. The power consumption of the large drives has forced designers to look at ways of increasing their efficiency. Variable speed drives have been employed in large grinding mills used in mining. The use of variable speed drives has allowed for the efficiency of the drive to be increased and also allows for a more flexible grinding process. The grinding mill drive’s speed and torque is varied depending on the characteristics of the ore they are grinding and on the quantity of ore within the mill.This allows for the grinding process to be flexible to changes in the process. The use of variable speed drives has also allowed for a single converter to be used for inching the drive during maintenance and for speed control. This feature is not possible with fixed speed drives. The variable speed drives used in the mining industry also have a functionality of detecting frozen charge. This feature is used to protect the mill from damages should the frozen charge drop as the mill is rotated from stand still. This report investigates the challenges faced in the design of grinding mill drives for mining operations.The challenges investigated are control challenges, mechanical challenges and electrical challenges. In the report background information on the types of drives used in industry to control the speed of motors is discussed. Power electronic converters and the harmonics they produce are investigated. The control features of grinding mill drives used in mining operations are then discussed. The mechanical and electrical challenges encountered with the use of grinding mill drives in mining are also investigated. Background In industry variable speed drives are used to control the speed and torque of rotating electrical machines [1].This results in the operation of machines being more efficient. Variable speed drives are used to control and regulate the speed of the machine under no load and load conditions. In industry variable speed drives are used to control both AC and DC motors. Mechanical variable speed drives (Gearbox) were used to mechanically control the speed of the drive. The mechanical variable speed drives was placed between the shaft of the driving motor and the shaft of the machine being driven. The gearbox was used to control the speed and torque of the driven machine.Mechanical variable speed drives are divided into belt/chain driven drives and metallic friction drives [1]. A diagram of a mechanical variable speed drives is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Diagram of a mechanical variable speed drive [1]. Another type of variable speed drive is the hydraulic variable speed coupler. A prime mover is used to drive a hydraulic pump which in turn drives the shaft of the driven motor. The speed of the driven shaft is controlled by controlling the fluid flow rate or pressure within the hydraulic pump [1]. These types of drives hav e high starting torque [1].A diagram of a hydraulic variable speed coupler is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: Diagram of a hydraulic variable speed coupler [1]. Another type of variable speed drive is the eddy current coupler. The eddy current coupler magnetically couples the shaft of the prime mover to the shaft of the driven machine [2]. There is slip between the two shafts. The speed of the driven machine is controlled by varying the DC excitation of the eddy current coupler. A diagram of an eddy current coupler is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3: Diagram of an eddy current or electromagnetic coupler [1].The types of variable speed drives discussed above are not based on power electronics. Power electronics allow for the direct control of the speed of the prime mover. There are variable speed drives for DC and AC motors. variable speed drives for DC motors use a silicone controlled rectifier (SCR) based AC/DC converter. The converter can be a full wave 12 pulse bridge, a full wave 6 pul se bridge of a half wave 3 pulse bridge [1]. The speed of the motor is varied by adjusting the amplitude of the armature voltage or the field flux of the machine. The speed of DC machines is usually controlled by changing the armature voltage [1].A diagram of a DC motor variable speed drives is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4: Diagram of a DC motor variable speed drives [1]. The speed of AC motors on the other hand can be controlled by varying either the frequency of the armature voltage and the number of poles of the machine [1]. However changing the number of poles of industrial machines is impractical. Induction machines do not operate at synchronous speed. The slip of the machine is also used to control the speed of the machine. Synchronous machines can be controlled by varying the frequency of the supply AC.A diagram showing the configuration of an AC variable speed drives for controlling the speed using variable frequency and slip control is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5: Diagram of AC motor variable speed drives using variable frequency and slip control [1]. Power Electronic Converters Power electronic converters are used to convert AC to DC and DC to AC. Rectifiers convert AC to DC and inverters convert DC to AC. The 6-pulse bridge and the 12-pulse bridge SCR based converters are commonly used for speed control of large AC motors (rated in MVAs). The commutations of the SCR based bridges produces AC harmonic currents on the AC supply.AC voltage harmonics are generated on the DC link of the converter. The order of the harmonics generated is given by equation 1. n=kp ±1(1) Where: n=order of the harmonic, k=pulse number, p= integer. A 12-pulse bridge converter produces fewer harmonics compared to a 6-pulse bridge converter. A 6-pulse bridge converter produces even and odd numbered harmonics. In a 12-pulse bridge converter the odd numbered harmonics are minimised, leaving the even numbered harmonics. On the DC side of the converter AC voltage harmonics are gen erated. The AC voltage harmonics are smoothed by a series connected inductor on the DC side of the converter.On the AC side of the converter filters are used to minimise the amplitude of the harmonics produces. The filters used can be active filters, passive filters of hybrid filters. Control of Motors Driving Grinding Mills in Mines Grinding mills in a mining environment are used to grind extracted ore in-order for minerals to be extracted. The control system of a variable speed drive is used to control the firing of the SCRs within the converter bridge. The control systems used must be highly reliable and rugged to withstand voltage fluctuation within an industrial environment.Grinding mills drives are operated at low speeds and require high starting torques. In the mining industry gearless grinding mill drives use synchronous and induction motors as the prime mover. There is a need to control the speed and torque of the machine in-order to increase the efficiency of the grinding mill and to make its operation flexible. To control the operation of the motors the speed and torque is controlled. The speed of the motor is controlled by varying the supply frequency or the number of poles of the machine. The relationship between the machines speed, frequency and number of poles is shown in equation 2. nS=120fp(2) Where: S: synchronous speed, f : frequency, p: number of poles The option of varying the speed of the synchronous motor by varying the number of poles is impractical in a mining environment. The method used is frequency control of machines to control their operating speed. To control the torque of an AC machine the air-gap flux should be controlled. The ratio of the supply voltage and the machines operating frequency is proportional to the machines air-gap flux. The ratio of the supply voltage and the machine’s operating frequency should be maintained to ensure it does not increase to a point where the machine operates in the saturation region.If this ratio is decreased the torque of the machine decreases. To control the speed and torque of the motor, both the supply voltage and supply frequency should be controlled. Grinding mill drives require large starting torques and operate at low speeds. The variable speed drive used in a grinding mill must be able to provide high starting torques and should be able to operate the grinding mill drive at low speeds. In mining operations three types of variable speed drives are common. They are the load commutated inverter (LCI), the cycloconverter and slip control variable speed drives.Load Commutated Inverter Drive The load commutated inverter is a reliable, robust and efficient variable speed drive [3]. The load commutated inverter is a current source converter. The load commutated inverter drive uses a line commutated rectifier, with a DC link having a smoothing inductor and an inverter. The converter bridges are manufactured using thyristors which are commutated by the motor back E MF of the synchronous motor. A schematic diagram of a load commutated inverter drive is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6: Schematic diagram of a 12-pulse load commutated inverter variable speed drives [3]. The rectifier bridge converts the AC supply voltage into DC. The DC is smoothed using a series inductor and is inverted back to AC with variable frequency and amplitude. The synchronous motor speed is controlled by the load commutated inverter by changing the frequency of the AC current produced by the converter [3]. By varying the DC current produced by the rectifier bridge the torque of the synchronous motor can be varied. The DC current is varied by varying the firing angle of the rectifier bridge.The load commutated inverter drive can generate frequencies lower than the supply frequency as well as frequencies larger than the supply frequency. The load commutated inverter thyristors are commutated by the back EMF from the motor. For grinding mills which operate at low frequencies the load commutated inverter drive is commutated by an external supply. The use of an external source to force commutate the inverter causes the synchronous machine to develop pulsating torque [4]. The pulsating torque developed causes problems when the drive has to be maintained and inching needs to be used.As a result a separate device is used for inching the grinding mill [4]. At low loading and low operating speed the load commutated inverter draws lagging reactive current which cause the power factor of the system to decrease [3]. To increase the system power factor the induction motor DC excitation needs to be increased. This caused the synchronous machine to draw leading reactive currents. The leading reactive current drawn by the synchronous motor will aid to increase the power factor in the system due to the lagging reactive current drawn by the load commutated converter at low speeds with the mill lightly loaded.Cycloconverter The cycloconverter converts the AC supply voltage into a variable voltage and variable frequency voltage waveform without using a DC link [1, 5]. Two back to back thyristor bridges are used per phase for the positive and negative cycle of the voltage waveform [5]. The limitations of the cycloconverter is that it cannot produce frequencies above the supply frequency [1]. This is however not a limitation for grinding mill drives as they operate at frequencies lower than the supply frequency. A diagram of a cycloconverter driving a motor is shown in Figure 7. Figure 7: Cycloconverter variable speed drive [1].The cycloconverter has two operating modes: sinusoidal operation and trapezoidal operation [3]. Within the sinusoidal operational range the drive hase a constant torque and power can be varied [3]. In the sinusoidal operating mode the cycloconverter draws lagging reactive current from the AC supply. This causes the system to have a low power factor. If a drive is to operate at high speeds the trapezoidal mode is used. In the trap ezoidal mode the drive will have constant power with varying torque [3]. In the trapezoidal mode the cycloconverter draws less reactive currents from the AC supply when compared with operation at the sinusoidal mode.In the application of grinding mill drives used in the mining industry the cycloconverter operates in the sinusoidal mode due to the low operating speeds of the grinding mills. Slip Control Variable Speed Drives Slip recovery variable speed drives are used to control the speed and torque of wound rotor induction motors. This is because the rotor 3 phase windings of the machine are accessible externally via the slip rings [1]. To control the speed of the machine external resistors can be connected to the rotor circuit to increase the resistance of the rotor. By varying the resistance the rotor current can be varied.If the external resistance is increased, the rotor current decreases. This causes the toque of the machine to decrease, which causes the machine slip to increa se. The increase in the machine’s slip causes the rotational speed of the machine to decrease. The use of external resistances to control the speed and toque of wound rotor induction motors is highly inefficient [4,6]. This is due to heat losses across the external resistors. To decrease the speed of the motor the external resistance needs to be increased. This causes large heat loss across the external resistors.To operate the induction machine at low speeds, large external rotor resistors are required which causes the efficiency of the drive system to be lowered due to large heat loss. Figure 8: Variable speed drives using external rotor resistors [1]. Due to the inefficiencies associated with the use of external variable resistors to control the speed of a wound rotor induction machine, slip energy recovery variable speed drives were developed. The type of variable speed drives also controls the speed of the wound rotor induction machine by controlling the rotor current of the machine.Instead of the use of external rotor resistors, thyristor bridges are used to control the rotor current. A rectifier thyristor bridge converts the rotor current to DC. The AC rotor current is rectified to DC and smoothed using a choke. The DC current is inverted back to an AC current again. The rectification process produces a DC current of the required amplitude in-order to obtain the desired rotor speed. The DC current when inverted to AC is fed back to the AC supply through a transformer [1]. A diagram of the slip energy recovery variable speed drive is shown in Figure 9. Figure 9: Slip energy recovery variable speed drive diagram [1].The disadvantage with a slip ring recovery variable speed drive is the large lagging reactive current drawn by the converter when the motor is operating close to the synchronous speed [6]. However since the grinding mill operates at low rotation speeds, the lagging reactive current drawn by the converter will be minimised. To operate th e drive at speeds close to the synchronous speed, but with reduced lagging reactive power drawn by the converter two methods can be used. External resistors can be used to accelerate the motor to about 80% of the synchronous speed and then drive it using the slip ring recovery variable speed drive [6].The second technique that can be used to operate the drive at speeds near the synchronous speed is to use a 12-pulse converter bridge instead of a 6-pulse converter bridge [6 ]. Mechanical Problems of Large Grinding Mills. With the invention of gearless mill drives, the grinding mill size has increased drastically. However the large sizes that grinding mills can reach in-order for mines to take advantage of economies of scale when processing ore comes with challenges. The large size of the mills causes mechanical resonances on the grinding mill.This is due to the airgap of the grinding mill drive being unsymmetrical and is amplified by the forces exerted on the drum during the grinding process [7]. The grinding mills utilised in industry are the semi-autogenous grinding mill (SAG) which uses steel balls inserted inside the mill to aid with grinding the ore, the second type of grinding mill is the autogenous grinding mill in which the ore is used to grind itself [7]. Large SAG mills have problem associated with the steel balls damaging the drum of the mill. There are also problems with the steel balls getting damaged and as a result the efficiency of the grinding is decreased.Large grinding mills require protection against frozen charge. If a grinding mill was operational and was brought to rest, there is the possibility the ore inside the mill will settle and harden forming frozen charge [4]. When the grinding mill is restarted the frozen charge will move to a larger angle as the mill rotates. A point will be reached when the frozen charge breaks loose from the drum due to gravity and drops. This can cause damage to the grinding mill. To protect against frozen ch arge, the variable speed drives used to drive grinding mill are designed with frozen charge protection.To avoid the occurrence of frozen charge inching the grinding mill is used. Inching is when the mill is rotated at speeds lower than the operating speed. This prevents the ore to settle and form frozen charge. Inching is also used for maintenance and inspection purposes. Due to the large size of grinding mills used in mining if the mill is stopped for long periods of time during maintenance, the mill deforms due to load unbalances [4]. Inching is also used during maintenance to prevent load unbalance. Electrical Problems Caused by large Grinding MillsLarge grinding mill drives using wound rotor induction motors or synchronous motors require large stating currents when started directly on line. The starting current required causes voltage dips on the network which can affect other equipment connected on the same network. To reduce the starting current of these motors variable speed drives utilise soft start techniques. The motors are started at low speeds which draw low currents. This result’s is minimised voltage dips on the network due to motor starting. The commutation of thyristors used in the converters produce harmonic currents which are fed back into the AC power system.A discussion on the harmonics produced by converters is in section 3. The magnitude of harmonics generated can be reduced by using filters and by increasing the pulse number of the converter bridge. The converters also draw lagging power factors which decreases the power factor of the drive system. Conclusion The use of variable speed drives on large drives for grinding mills in the mining industry has helped to increase the efficiency of the drives. The grinding mills have also become more flexible as their operation can be changes depending on the requirements of the process at any particular time.This has allowed mines to take advantage of economies of scale. This is achieved b y processing larger quantities of ore with the flexibility of increasing or reducing the speed of the grinding mill depending on process requirements. The variable speed drives used to control grinding mill use thyristor converter bridges. The commutation of the bridges produces harmonics which are fed back into the AC supply network. To minimise the amplitude of harmonics produced filters are used. The large sizes that grinding mills for mining operations have become pose challenges to designers of variable speed drives.Control strategies are designed into the variable speed drive in-order to protect the grinding mill from mechanical faults. 7. References [1] Barnes M. , Practical Variable Speed Drives and Power Electronics, Elsevier, Oxford, 1st edition, 2003 [2] Briganti F, Eddy-Current Drives, http://www. drivesourceusa. com/news/index. html, Last Accessed on 18 July 2012. [3] Rodriguez J. , Pontt J. , Newman P. , Moran L. , Alzomora G. , Technical Evaluation and Practical Exper ience of High Power Grinding Mill Drives For Mining Applications, Industry Applications Conference, Volume 3, 2003, pg 1629-1636. [4] Ahrens M, Gonser J. Technical and Commercial Benefits of Gearless Mill Drives For Grinding Applications, SME Annual Meeting, 2007 Denver, [5] Sen P. C, Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics, John Wiley and Sons, Canada, 2nd Edition. [6] Dr. Van Coller J. M. , Variable Speed Drives for AC Machines-Elen7048, University of the Witwatersrand, 2012 [7] Pontt J. , Rodriguez J. , Valderrama W. , Sepulvera G. , Chavez P. , Cuitino B. , Gonzalez P. , Alzamora G. , Current Issues on High-Power Cycloconverter – fed Gearless Motor Drives for Grinding Mills, Volume 1, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2003.